Wessex Mole Control is proud to support the school, and my daughter Eleanor is part of the team undertaking the challenge. 

So training has now started in earnest, with weekly targets set for mileage and speed – not easy in the cold weather and dark days of January..roll on spring!

With a prolonged period of warm dry weather, the earth worms are staying deep in the soil, and consequently the moles are also deep.

Obviously good news for gardeners and those who love their lawns. 

Not so good for us molecatchers!

Over the past few weeks we have experienced a lot of wet weather and snow. As the rain seeps through the ground and the snow melts, the ground below becomes saturated, and the water level rises.

Worms, the staple diet of the mole, make their way to the surface, in order to avoid drowning. The moles follow them, excavating new tunnel systems as they do so, and at the same time turn your lawn into something resembling a building site.

Customers express surprise that mole hills appear on their lawn in 6 inches of snow. But why should the mole be concerned about there being snow above ground? In fact he probably isnt even aware of the wintery conditions above ground….all he is interested in is looking for his next meal…regardless of the damage he is causing to your lawn!

Source: British Traditional Molecatchers Register

INTRODUCTION.- Most people have a vague idea regarding the nature of this creature. Even scientists do not know much about the mole. That is so probably because moles spend most of their lives underground. It is very difficult to keep them in captivity because of the enormous amount of food that would be needed.

Nevertheless, thanks to the different sources of information that we have consulted and to direct observation of this creature’s activity, we believe we can conclude the following:

Moles can be found almost all around Europe, Asia, southern Africa and North America. There are not many varieties of moles (about 30 species are said to exist around the whole world) but there is a possibility that there are more, still unknown species. All of those species have similar habits, with rare exceptions in a couple of species.

Here we are going to focus on the species called Talpa europaea (common mole).

EXTERNAL APPEARANCE.- The mole does not belong to the mouse family, but to the order of the insectivorous mammals. In other words, moles eat insects.

The mole is 12 to 18 cm long and weighs 60 to 130 grams. Its teeth are sharp, similar to a cat’s. It has got a long movable snout that reminds us of a pig’s. This snout is almost completely bare except for a few hairs, from which the mole gets most of its sensory information (sense of touch). Some biologists think that moles have electric and magnetic sensors in their nose to be able to move through their dark world. The mole lives in a sensorial world ruled by smell and touch.

Its extremely small eyes (basically, a very thin membrane) are situated at the end of its snout, hidden by the fur. The mole’s eyes can only detect light.

Although moles have no ears, just a pair of holes covered by the skin, their hearing is very sharp.

The mole’s head, broad and flattened, is followed immediately by a cylindrical body covered by a very dense soft dark (sometimes black) hair. Its hair is very special: each hair is thicker around the centre than at the ends. This protects the mole from the dirt and from the water and also allows it to move freely along its corridors, because there’s no resistance in any direction.

The mole has got strong, robust front legs in the shape of a pair of paddles facing outwards. Its hands are big and have a round shape. Its fingers and nails are strong and prepared to dig into anything.

Its hind legs are longer and more simple, similar to a mouse’s. The mole uses them mainly to push itself forward while the front legs are digging.

Thanks to the specialized structure of its bones and muscles, the mole can project a lateral force when it is digging equivalent to 32 times its body weight (Arlton, 1936).

At the end of its body there is a short tail covered by hard spiky hairs. These hairs, although they are sensitive and can receive information from the vibrations that travel through the ground, are not too important for the mole.

DIET.- The mole’s diet is based on earthworms, but it also eats insects and grubs. The mole develops its activity both during the day and at night. According to current research, the mole sleeps and works at four-hour intervals. It is more active early in the morning and at dusk but that does not mean it is not active at other times, even at night, and throughout the whole year. So much activity makes it really hungry. Moles can eat 70% to 100% of their body weight every day, hence their “insatiable appetite” reputation. As a matter of fact, the mole cannot spend too many hours without eating. It stores its food close to its cosy winter nest. Since it is always well prepared (it has to), it stores hundreds of earthworms, whose circulatory system it bites. In so doing, it manages to keep the earthworm rigid but alive, unable to escape. That is how the mole has always got fresh food in case some difficult times come.

One curious fact: the European mole’s teeth are different from the American mole’s. There were no worms in America until they were brought over from Europe, so the American mole is not adapted to the new source of food yet and does not have the same storing ability.

BREEDING.-  The female mole gives birth to 3 to 6 baby moles once a year after a gestation period that lasts 4 or 6 weeks approximately. The baby moles weigh about 3.5 grams. They are born blind and with no hair. After the first 14 days of life, their hair grows and when they are 22 days old they start seeing and moving. Only the female mole looks after and feeds their offspring. The male takes no further part in there development! The baby moles are suckled by their mother for one month, at the end of which they may weigh 80 grams. After two months, the baby mole starts digging by itself. They reach sexual maturity when they are one year of age. Moles can live 3 or 5 years, depending on how healthy they are.

HABITS.- It is a known fact that the mole is a solitary animal. They even fight to death between themselves sometimes. If we go a bit further, we should mention Donald and Lillian Stokes’s research, described in their book Animal Tracking and Behaviour (1986). Adult moles are solitary animals that avoid contact with other moles. However, there are at least two exceptions. One of them occurs when the female moles are on heat. Even after they have mated, males and females can stay quite close to each other for several weeks. The second exception is that some tunnels are used every now and then by more than one mole; in this sense, those tunnels could be compared to our roads or motorways. What Donal and Lillian Stokes say is that this communal use suggests that these animals’ social system might be more complex than we suspect. We have obtained similar information from our own experience. Sometimes, the activity has ceased when we have caught a mole in a piece of land full of signs of their activity. Some other times we have also been able to catch about 14 moles in less than a month in similar or even smaller areas.

They live underground and hardly ever come out. They like light, well drained and slightly humid ground. They build two kinds of underground corridors that are mutually connected:

Source: British Traditional Molecatchers Register

The only mole present in the British Isles, but not in Ireland is Talpa Europea the European Mole.

Moles do not hibernate but work throughout the year, and are in the mammalian order of insectivore, which means they live off insects including worms.

Most people think that moles are completely black, but they vary in colour from a silvery grey to black. They have a short tail which is covered in sensory hairs, which also appear on and around the chin, on the face and around the back of the ears. When the mole is working the tail is held semi-erect to brush the tunnel walls to pick up vibrations passing through the ground. These sensory organs around the head allow the mole to detect worms and insects.

The eyes are small and completely hidden in the fur to give the appearance of being blind but it can still differentiate  between light and dark.

The ears are small with no external flaps but the hearing is very acute and is a feature of detecting predators, and other moles.

The average adult weighs about 80 grams with the female being the lightest.

The female has one litter a year, of between 2-7 but usually 3-4. and breeding takes place around Feb to June, the young are fully mature at 5 weeks and live on average between 2 to 5 years.

Moles have a well developed sense of smell and the male and  female have a pair of scent glands under the skin which are connected to the urinary duct which the moles use to mark their territory, and also in the breeding season this helps to identify the sex of the mole occupying the territory. Moles are solitary but not has solitary as people think. Sharing the main runs under hedges and fences, but will defend their own territories aggressively. Territories will overlap and this is why when a mole is caught or vacates its territory another mole will sense this that it has been vacated and will quickly move into the vacated territory.

THIS SENTENCE ALONE IS THE MAJOR COMPLAINT IN MOLECATCHING CIRCLES.

The moles have several layers of tunnels, shallow short lived surface tunnels, and deeper tunnels used for breeding and feeding. Moles build their nests of local materials leaves or grass, and I have found them completely made of wheat shoots. The large mole FORTRESS the very large molehill one frequently sees, are usually found in areas of high water tables or on land which can become flooded. The mole builds its nest above the water level to ensure the nest is kept dry?. Moles are excellent swimmers and in times of flood will swim to higher ground. This also accounts for people who live next to streams and rivers been constantly plagued by moles.

The main food is the earthworm but they will feed off most insects or molluscs. Moles work on a sleeping/working pattern of approx 4 hours. If there is a plentiful supply of food ,moles will bite the head off  worms and store them up for consumption later

Moles travel on top of the land as well as underneath it and this is when they are most vulnerable to their predators.